- Bone density scan (DEXA)
- A low-dose imaging test that measures bone mineral density, usually at the hip and spine. The result is reported as a score compared with a reference; what it means for you depends on your history, and whether and when to have one is an individual decision.
- Cardiovascular risk
- An estimate of your chance of a heart attack or stroke over a given period, calculated from several factors together rather than any one number.
- Deprescribing
- A deliberate review of everything you take, asking for each whether it's still needed and whether the dose is still right.
- Estrogen
- The hormone whose decline after menopause drives most of the changes in this book, with effects on bone, blood vessels, and the tissues of the vagina and urinary tract.
- Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)
- The collection of changes to vaginal, vulvar, and urinary tissue caused by lower estrogen: dryness, irritation, pain with sex, urgency, and more frequent urinary infections. Progressive if untreated, and treatable.
- Hormone therapy (HT or MHT)
- Prescription treatment with estrogen, with a second hormone added if you still have a uterus, taken to treat menopausal symptoms. Given throughout the body or applied locally, which are different propositions.
- Local (vaginal) treatment
- Prescription treatment applied directly to the vagina, which behaves differently in the body from treatment taken throughout it.
- Osteopenia and osteoporosis
- Terms describing degrees of reduced bone density, with osteoporosis meaning bone weak enough to raise fracture risk substantially.
- Overdiagnosis
- Finding a condition through screening that meets the definition of disease but would never have caused symptoms or harm in your lifetime, leading to treatment you didn't need.
- Pelvic floor
- The sling of muscle supporting the bladder, bowel, and uterus. It can be weak, or too tight, and the treatment differs.
- Pelvic floor physical therapy
- A specialty that assesses and retrains those muscles. Under-referred, and often the most useful treatment for leaking and pelvic pain.
- Pessary
- A fitted device placed in the vagina to support a prolapse, avoiding surgery for many women.
- Postmenopause
- Everything after the twelve-month mark since your last period. For most women, decades.
- Prolapse
- When a pelvic organ drops lower than it should, often felt as heaviness or a bulge.
- Sarcopenia
- Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Responds to resistance training and adequate protein at any age.
- Screening
- Testing someone who feels well, to find disease early. Distinct from testing someone who has symptoms, which is not optional.
- Shared decision making
- Choosing between reasonable options based on your values as well as the evidence, rather than receiving an instruction.
- Sleep apnea
- Repeated pauses in breathing during sleep. Under-diagnosed in women, more common after menopause, and can present as insomnia or fatigue rather than snoring.